UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 10-K

 

 

(Mark One)

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 001‑35182

 

 

AMPIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(www.ampiopharma.com)

NYSE American: AMPE

 

 

 

(720) 437‑6500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes   ◻     No   ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.   Yes   ◻    No   ☒

Indicate by a check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes   ☒     No   ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes   ☒    No   ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act. (check one):

 

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes   ☐    No   ☒

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 28, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $54.2 million based on the closing price of $0.39 as of that date.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the Registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of February 14,  2020,  158,780,993 shares of common stock were outstanding.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Exhibit 23.1

Exhibit 23.2

Exhibit 31.1

Exhibit 31.2

Exhibit 32.1

This Annual Report on Form 10‑K  (“Annual Report”) refers to trademarks, such as Ampio and Ampion, which are protected under applicable intellectual property laws and are our property. This Form 10‑K also contains trademarks, service marks, copyrights and trade names of other companies which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, our trademarks and tradenames referred to in this Form 10‑K may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate in any way that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to such trademarks and tradenames.

Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Form 10‑K to the “Company,” “Ampio,” “we,” “us,” or “our” relate to Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

 

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA

Forward Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10‑K, or Annual Report, includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our anticipated future clinical and regulatory events, future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are intended as forward-looking statements. Forward looking statements are generally written in the future tense and/or are preceded by words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “forecast,” “could,” “expect,” “suggest,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” or similar words, or the negatives of such terms or other variations on such terms or comparable terminology. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding the anticipated start dates, durations and completion dates, as well as the potential future results, of our ongoing and future clinical trials, the anticipated designs of our future clinical trials, anticipated future regulatory submissions and events, regulatory responses to our proposals, the potential future commercialization of our product candidate, Ampion, our anticipated future cash position and future events under our current and potential future collaborations. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including without limitation the risks described in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report. These risks are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Annual Report include additional factors that could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We cannot assure you that the events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update or supplement forward-looking statements.

We obtained statistical data, market data and other industry data, and forecasts used in this Form 10‑K from market research, publicly available information and industry publications. Industry publications generally state that they obtain their information from sources that they believe to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the information. Similarly, while we believe that the statistical data, market data and other industry data and forecasts used herein are reliable, we have not independently verified the data, and we do not make any representation as to the accuracy of the information.

AMPIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

PART I

Item 1.Business

Overview

We are a pre-revenue development stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of Ampion, our lead product candidate, to treat prevalent inflammatory conditions for which there are limited treatment options.

Ampion has advanced through late-stage clinical trials in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) provided guidance that we should complete a trial of severe osteoarthritis of the knee (“OAK”) patients with concurrent controls that would be carried out under an Special Protocol Assessment (“SPA”).

In June 2019, we received an SPA agreement from the FDA for our Phase III clinical trial titled, “A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of an Intra-Articular Injection of Ampion in Adults with Pain Due to Severe Osteoarthritis of the Knee” (the “AP-013 study”).  An SPA is a process in which sponsors may ask to meet with the FDA to reach agreement with the FDA on the design and size of certain clinical trials to determine if they adequately address scientific and regulatory requirements for a study that could support regulatory submission. An SPA agreement indicates concurrence by the FDA with the adequacy and acceptability of specific critical elements of overall protocol design (e.g. entry criteria, dose selection, endpoints and planned analyses) for a study intended to support a future marketing application. These elements are critical to ensuring that the trial conducted under the protocol can be considered an adequate and well-controlled study that can support marketing approval. Feedback on these issues provides the greatest benefit to sponsors in planning late-phase development strategy. The existence of our SPA agreement does not guarantee that the FDA will accept our biologics license application (“BLA”) for Ampion when submitted, or that the results of the trials we have conducted on Ampion will be adequate to support approval. Those issues are addressed during the review of a submitted application and are determined based on the adequacy of the overall submission.

Corporate History

Our predecessor, DMI Life Sciences, Inc. (“Life Sciences”), was incorporated in Delaware in December 2008. In March 2010, Life Sciences was merged with a subsidiary of Chay Enterprises, Inc. As a result of this merger, Life Sciences stockholders became the controlling stockholders of Chay Enterprises, Inc. Following the merger, we reincorporated in Delaware as Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in March 2010.

AMPION

Ampion for Osteoarthritis and Other Inflammatory Conditions

We have developed a novel biologic drug, Ampion, containing blood-derived cyclized peptide and small molecules that target multiple pathways in the innate immune response and other pathways that are characteristic of OAK disease.  Ampion targets the cellular pathways in the innate immune response correlated with pain, inflammation, and joint damage in osteoarthritis. In vitro studies have shown that Ampion represses the transcription of proteins responsible for inflammation, while activating anti-inflammatory proteins. Ampion has also been shown in vitro to regulate the cellular pathways responsible for tissue growth and healing. We believe that this mechanism of action interrupts the disease process responsible for the pain and disability associated with OAK and provides market expansion potential as a disease modifying biologic and may provide a treatment option for other inflammatory and degenerative indications.

We are currently developing Ampion as an intra-articular injection to treat the signs and symptoms of severe OAK, which is a growing epidemic in the United States. OAK is a progressive disease characterized by gradual degradation and loss of cartilage due to inflammation of the soft tissue and bony structures of the knee joint. Progression of the most severe form of OAK leaves patients with little to no treatment options other than a total knee arthroplasty. The FDA has stated that severe OAK is an “unmet medical need” with no licensed therapies for this indication. While we believe that Ampion could treat this “unmet medical need”, our ability to market this product is subject to FDA approval.

Market Opportunity

Osteoarthritis, or OA, is the most common form of arthritis, affecting over 30 million people in the United States. It is a progressive and incurable disease of the joints involving degradation of the intra-articular cartilage, joint lining, ligaments, and bone. Certain risk factors in conjunction with natural wear and tear lead to the breakdown of cartilage. Osteoarthritis is caused by inflammation of the soft tissue and bony structures of the joint, which worsens over time and leads to progressive thinning of intra-articular cartilage. Other progressive effects include narrowing of the joint space, synovial membrane thickening, osteophyte formation and increased density of the subchondral bone. The global market size for treatments that currently address moderate to moderately severe OAK was valued at approximately $3.6 billion in 2018 and is expected to grow with a compound annual growth rate of 9.11% through 2026.  The global demand for OAK treatment is expected to be fueled by aging demographics and increased awareness of treatment options. Despite the size and growth of the OAK market, only a few treatment options currently exist, with none labeled specifically for the severely diseased patient population.

Ampion Development

Since our inception, we have conducted multiple clinical trials and have advanced through late-stage clinical trials in the United States, initially under the guidance of the FDA’s Office of Blood Research and Review, or OBRR, and most recently under the guidance of the FDA’s Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, or OTAT. 

Study AP-003-A was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of 329 patients who were randomized 1:1 to receive Ampion or saline control via intra-articular injection. The study showed a statistically significant reduction in pain compared to the control, with an average of greater than 40% reduction in pain from baseline at 12 weeks with Ampion treatment. Patients who received Ampion also showed a significant improvement in function and quality of life compared to patients who received the saline control at 12 weeks. Quality of life was assessed using Patient Global Assessment (“PGA”). Furthermore, the trial included severely diseased patients,  defined radiographically as Kellgren Lawrence Grade 4 (“KL 4”). From this patient population, those patients who received Ampion had a significantly greater reduction in pain than those who received the saline control. Ampion was well tolerated with minimal adverse events reported across the Ampion and saline groups in the study. There were no drug-related serious adverse events.

In 2018, the FDA reiterated and confirmed that our successful pivotal Phase III clinical trial, AP-003-A, was adequate and well-controlled, provided evidence of the effectiveness of Ampion and can contribute to the substantial evidence of effectiveness necessary for the approval of a BLA. The FDA provided guidance that we should complete an additional trial of KL 4 severe OAK patients with concurrent controls that would be carried out under an SPA to obtain FDA concurrence on the trial design.

 

As noted above, we received an SPA agreement in June 2019 from the FDA for a clinical protocol for the AP-013 study. The SPA agreement for the AP-013 study finalized patient enrollment at 1,034 patients, with a sample size assessment at an interim analysis of 724 patients to allow an adjustment up to 1,551 patients if deemed necessary. In the SPA agreement, the FDA agreed that the design and planned analysis of the AP-013 study adequately addressed the objectives necessary to support a regulatory submission. According to the FDA's guidance for industry regarding SPAs (published in April 2018), an SPA documents the FDA's agreement that the design and planned analysis of a study can address objectives in support of a regulatory submission; however, final determinations for marketing application approval are made after a complete review of the marketing application and are based on the entire data in the application. Following the receipt of the SPA agreement, we initiated the AP-013 study, identified and engaged clinical sites for the trial, and initiated dosing of patients at those sites.  As of December 31, 2019, we completed the enrollment and dosing of 724 patients required for the interim analysis sample size assessment, which we expect to occur in late March 2020.  As of February 14, 2020, we had dosed 875 patients.    

 

Ampion Manufacturing Facility

In May 2014, we commenced a 125-month lease of a multi-purpose facility containing approximately 19,000 square feet. This facility includes quality control and research laboratories, our corporate offices and approximately 3,000 square feet of modular clean rooms to manufacture Ampion.

Since the manufacturing site has been operational, we have implemented a quality system for both U.S. and European Union (“EU”) regulatory compliance, validated the facility for human-use products, produced Ampion and placebo for

use in the inception-to-date clinical trials, and produced approximately 200,000 vials of Ampion without a sterility failure. 

The manufacturing facility utilizes automated equipment with single use line sets and modular clean rooms designed to maximize flexibility and scalability while meeting international quality standards to fulfill potential future global demand.  We believe that the Ampion manufacturing process delivers a competitive cost of goods that is significantly lower than the industry benchmark.  Additionally, we estimate that the maximum capacity for this turnkey facility is approximately 8.0 million vials per year.  During fiscal 2019, we engaged an independent third-party to conduct a quality audit of the Ampion manufacturing facility, which confirmed that our facility is expected to meet the requirements of an FDA inspection for the CMC section of a BLA filing.

Optina

In 2018, we reviewed our product portfolio and made the decision to delay the development of Optina or any other product in an effort to focus all available resources on the development for Ampion. We have not changed that decision.

 

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are highly competitive and subject to significant and rapid technological change as researchers learn more about diseases and develop new technologies and treatments. Significant competitive factors in our industry include product efficacy and safety; quality and breadth of an organization’s technology; skill of an organization’s employees and its ability to recruit and retain key employees; timing and scope of regulatory approvals; government reimbursement rates for, and the average selling price of products; the availability of raw materials and qualified manufacturing capacity; manufacturing costs; intellectual property and patent rights and their protection; and sales and marketing capabilities.

Market acceptance of Ampion will depend on a number of factors, including: (i) its potential advantages over existing or alternative therapies; (ii) the actual or perceived safety of similar classes of products; (iii) the effectiveness of our sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities; and (iv) the scope of any approval provided by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

Although we believe Ampion possesses attractive attributes, we cannot assure that it will achieve regulatory approval or market acceptance, or that we will be able to compete effectively in the pharmaceutical drug markets. If Ampion fails to gain regulatory approvals and acceptance in its intended markets, we may not generate meaningful revenues or achieve profitability.

The available treatments for severe OAK have not included publicly available demonstrations of efficacy in severely diseased patients and may include:

The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (“AAOS”), issued their second edition of clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of OAK in May 2013, which is the latest edition of such guidelines. The AAOS was unable to recommend for or against the use of intra-articular corticosteroid injections as studies designed to indicate efficacy are inconclusive. Further, the AAOS was also unable to recommend for or against the use of acetaminophen, opioids, or pain patches as the efficacy studies in this area are also inconclusive.  Importantly, the AAOS does not recommend (with a strong ‘strength of recommendation’) the use of hyaluronic acid injections as, in the AAOS’ assessment, the clinical evidence does not support their use. This clinical practice guideline emphasizes the ‘unmet medical need’ for OAK given the few accepted and available treatments.

We believe Ampion is a novel treatment option that, if approved, would be the first non-steroidal, non-hyaluronic-based intra-articular treatment available for pain due to severe osteoarthritis of the knee.

Government Regulation

FDA Approval Process

In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, record keeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve a pending BLA, adverse facility inspection reports (Form 483), untitled or warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.

Pharmaceutical and biologic product development in the United States typically involves:

Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease. Preclinical tests generally include laboratory evaluation of a product candidate, its chemistry, formulation, stability and toxicity, as well as certain animal studies to assess its safety. Results of these preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information (in compliance with GLP and cGMP), analytical data and the clinical trial protocol (detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated), must be submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials can begin.

An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30‑day time period, raises concerns or questions about the intended conduct of the trial and imposes what is referred to as a clinical hold. Preclinical studies generally take several years to complete, and there is no guarantee that an IND based on those studies will become effective, allowing clinical testing to begin. In addition to the FDA review of an IND, each medical site that desires to participate in a proposed clinical trial must have the protocol reviewed and approved by an independent IRB or Ethics Committee (“EC”) for sites located outside of the United States. The IRB considers, among other things, ethical factors, and the selection and safety of human subjects. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s Good Clinical Practices (“GCP”) requirements. The FDA and/or IRB/EC may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial or a specific clinical trial site to be halted at any time, or impose other sanctions for failure to comply with requirements under the appropriate entity jurisdiction.

Clinical trials to support BLAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. Ampio is seeking a BLA for Ampion’s treatment of severe OAK. In Phase I clinical trials, a product candidate is typically introduced either into healthy human subjects or patients with the medical condition for which the new drug is intended to be used. The main purpose of the trial is to assess a product candidate’s safety and the ability of the human body to tolerate the product candidate. Phase I clinical trials generally include less than 50 subjects or patients. During Phase II trials, a product candidate is studied in an exploratory trial or trials in a limited number of patients with the disease or medical condition for which it is intended to be used in order to: (i) further identify any possible adverse side effects and safety risks, (ii) assess the preliminary or potential efficacy of the product candidate for specific target diseases or medical conditions, and (iii) assess dosage tolerance and determine the optimal dose for Phase III trials. Phase III trials are generally undertaken to demonstrate clinical efficacy and to further test for safety in an expanded patient population with the goal of evaluating the overall risk-benefit relationship of the product candidate. Phase III trials will generally be designed to reach a specific goal or endpoint, the achievement of which is intended to demonstrate the product candidate’s clinical efficacy and provide adequate information for labeling of the biologic.

After completion of clinical testing under an IND, a BLA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the BLA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The application must include the results of all preclinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting a BLA is substantial. Under federal law, the submission of most of these applications are subject to an application user fee, currently $2.9 million. However, the FDA will waive the application user fee for the first human drug application that a small business or its affiliate submits for review. Small businesses are defined as businesses with less than 500 employees, therefore Ampio believes that it will be considered a small business and intends to submit a small business waiver for waiver of the BLA application user fee. The manufacturer and/or sponsor under an approved BLA are also subject to an annual program fee, currently $325,000. The annual program fee replaced the product and establishment user fees that the FDA charged in prior years. These fees typically increase annually.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of a BLA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the FDA’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of BLAs. Applications for standard biologic products are typically reviewed within ten months; most applications for priority or accelerated biologics are reviewed in six months. There are accelerated review processes at the FDA, including Fast Track Designation and Accelerated Approval, none of which Ampio is currently seeking.

The review process for both standard and priority review may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider certain late-submitted information, or information intended to clarify information already provided in the submission. The FDA may also refer applications for novel biologic products, or biologic products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee, which is typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities where the biologic is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with cGMP is satisfactory and the BLA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the biologic is safe and effective in the indication studied.

After the FDA evaluates the BLA and the manufacturing facilities, it will issue either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require

substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the BLA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of the BLA approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) to help ensure that the benefits of the biologic outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use (“ETASU”).  ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug.  Product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy.  Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.

We have advanced through late-stage clinical trials on Ampion in the United States. Nevertheless, our current regulatory strategy may not secure the final regulatory approval of Ampion for the chosen product indications. In addition, the approval(s) if obtained, may take longer than anticipated. We can provide no assurance that Ampion will prove to be safe or effective, will receive required regulatory approvals, or, if approved, will be successfully commercialized.

Foreign Regulatory Approval

Outside of the United States, our ability to market Ampion will be contingent upon receiving marketing authorizations from the appropriate foreign regulatory authorities, whether or not FDA approval has been obtained. The Common Technical Document (“CTD”) used to assemble the Quality, Safety, and Efficacy information for submission of an Ampion BLA in the United States is currently recognized throughout Europe, Canada and Japan. The foreign regulatory approval process in most industrialized countries generally encompasses risks similar to those we will encounter in the FDA approval process. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials and marketing authorizations, and the time required to obtain the requisite approvals, may vary widely from country to country and may differ from those required for FDA approval.

Under EU regulatory systems, marketing authorizations may be submitted either under a centralized or decentralized procedure.

The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU member states. The centralized procedure is compulsory for human medicines that are derived from biotechnology processes, such as genetic engineering, that contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders or autoimmune diseases and other immune dysfunctions, and officially designated orphan medicines. For medicines that do not fall within these categories, an applicant has the option of submitting an application for a centralized marketing authorization to the European Commission following a favorable opinion by the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) as long as the medicine concerned is a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation, or if its authorization would be in the interest of public health.

The decentralized procedure provides for mutual recognition of national approval decisions. Under this procedure, the holder of a national marketing authorization may submit an application to the remaining member states. Within 90 days of receiving the applications and assessment report, each member state must decide whether to recognize approval. The mutual recognition process results in separate national marketing authorizations in the reference member state and each concerned member state.

We will seek to choose the appropriate route of European regulatory filing in an attempt to accomplish the most rapid regulatory approvals for Ampion when ready for review. However, the chosen regulatory strategy may not secure regulatory approval of Ampion for the chosen product indications. In addition, these approvals, if obtained, may take longer than anticipated. We can provide no assurance that Ampion will prove to be safe or effective, will receive required regulatory approvals, or, if approved, will be successfully commercialized.

Biosimilars and Exclusivity

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2020 (collectively referred to as the “Affordable Care Act”), signed into law on March and May 2010, includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (“BPCIA”) of 2009. The BPCIA grants a novel biologic, or reference product, 12 years of market exclusivity.  It also created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, an FDA-licensed reference biological product. This amendment to the Public Health Services Act attempts to minimize duplicative testing. Biosimilarity requires that there can be no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product in terms of safety, purity, and potency, which can be shown through analytical studies, animal studies, and a clinical trial or trials. Interchangeability requires that a product is biosimilar to the reference product and the product must demonstrate that it can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the reference product, including for products administered multiple times. The biologic and the reference biologic may be switched after one has been previously administered without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biologic.

We believe that Ampion is a novel biologic product and, as such, we expect it will be granted 12 years of market exclusivity as measured from the FDA approval date.

Post-Approval Regulation

If a product candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval is typically limited to specific clinical indications. Furthermore, after regulatory approval is obtained, subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on its use or complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Any FDA-approved products manufactured or distributed by us will be subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse events or experiences. Further, biologic manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic inspections by the FDA and state agencies for compliance with cGMP, which impose rigorous procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our contract manufacturers. We cannot be certain that we or our present or future contract manufacturers or suppliers will be able to comply with cGMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production activities, failure of the FDA to grant approval for marketing, and withdrawal, suspension, or revocation of marketing approvals.

If the FDA approves our BLA for Ampion’s treatment of severe OAK, we and the manufacturers of clinical supplies and commercial supplies must provide certain updated safety and efficacy information. Product changes, as well as certain changes in the manufacturing process or facilities where the manufacturing occurs, or other post-approval changes may necessitate additional FDA review and approval. The labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing, and distribution of a biologic product must also be in compliance with FDA and Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) requirements which include, among others, standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the Internet. In addition, we are prohibited from promoting our products off-label. The FDA and FTC have very broad enforcement authority, and failure to abide by these regulations can result in penalties, including the issuance of a warning letter or untitled letter directing us to correct deviations from regulatory requirements and enforcement actions that can include seizures, fines, injunctions, and criminal prosecution.

Other Regulatory Requirements

We are also subject to regulation by other regional, national, state and local agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other regulatory bodies. Our current and future partners are subject to many of the same requirements.

In addition, we are subject to other regulations, including regulations under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, regulations promulgated by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, the Toxic Substance Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and regulations under other federal, state, and local laws.

Violations of any of the foregoing requirements could result in penalties being assessed against us.

Privacy

Most health care providers, including research institutions from whom we or our partners obtain patient information, are subject to privacy and security rules under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended (“HIPAA”). Additionally, strict personal privacy laws in other countries affect pharmaceutical companies’ activities in those countries. Such laws include the EU Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data, as well as individual EU Member States implementing additional laws. Although our clinical development efforts are not barred by these privacy regulations, we could face substantial criminal penalties if we knowingly receive individually identifiable health information from a health care provider that has not satisfied HIPAA’s or the EU’s disclosure standards. Failure by EU clinical trial partners to obey requirements of national laws on private personal data, including laws implementing the EU Data Protection Directive, might result in liability and/or adverse publicity.

Information Systems

We believe that our Information Systems (“IS”) capabilities are adequate to manage our core business.  In addition, we believe our internal controls related to IS are operating effectively.

Intellectual Property Summary

Ampion

We made the decision to focus available resources by limiting the maintenance of patent protection for Ampion based on the relative importance of technologies covered by patents, the geographic jurisdiction of patents and remaining patent term. This allowed us to reduce the overall number of patents while maintaining our strategic coverage. The portfolio primarily consists of seven families filed in the United States and throughout the world.

 

The first family includes U.S. patents and a European patent, validated and being maintained in Germany, Great Britain and France with claims relating to methods of treating inflammatory disease and compositions of matter. This family also includes issued patents in China, Hong Kong, and Japan. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2021.

 

The second family includes U.S. patents with claims directed to methods of treating inflammatory diseases with compositions of matter. This family includes issued patents in Australia, China, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, South Africa, and a European patent (validated in Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, and the Netherlands) and pending applications in the United States and Canada. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2024.

 

The third family includes U.S. patents, a pending U.S. application, and issued patents in Australia, China, Russia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, and South Africa, and pending applications in Brazil, Canada, EPO, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, and United States. The claims in this family are directed to the use for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2032.

 

The fourth family includes a U.S. patent, a pending U.S. application, issued patents in Australia and Japan, and pending applications in Canada, China, EPO, Hong Kong, and New Zealand with claims directed to the use to mobilize, attract, expand and differentiate stem cells in the treatment of subjects. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2034.

 

The fifth family includes two U.S. patents, a pending U.S. application and pending applications in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Korea, and Russia with claims directed to the use for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases in a multi-dose treatment regimen. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2035.

 

The sixth family includes a pending U.S. application and pending applications in Europe and Hong Kong with claims directed to the use of Ampion in the absence of cyclooxygenase-2 (“COX-2”) inhibition. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family will be in 2036.

 

The seventh family includes a pending U.S. application with composition of matter claims directed to the use of N-acetyl-kynurenine for treatment of T-cell mediated diseases, degenerative joint disease and diseases mediated by platelet activating factor and composition of matter. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family will be in 2037.

 

Optina

We made the decision to delay the development of Optina and allow existing patents and applications to lapse by non-payment of annuities and maintenance fees and non-responses to actions in the future in an effort to focus available resources on patent protection for Ampion.  We have not changed that decision.

 

Barriers to Entry – General

We also maintain trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect through confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements and other controls over confidential information. We have sought U.S. and foreign patent protection for our therapeutic product. These patents may not provide meaningful protection or adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential and proprietary information. If we do not adequately protect our trade secrets and proprietary know-how, our competitive position and business prospects could be materially harmed.

The patent positions of companies such as ours involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, their enforceability cannot be predicted with any certainty. Our issued patents, and those that may be issued to us in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under the patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages. Our competitors may independently develop similar technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us, which could offset any advantages we might otherwise realize from our intellectual property. Furthermore, even if Ampion receives regulatory approval, the time required for development, testing, and regulatory review could mean that protection afforded to us by our patents may only remain in effect for a short period after commercialization. The expiration of patents we hold could adversely affect our ability to successfully commercialize our biologic, thus harming our operating results and financial position.

We will be able to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that such rights are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. If we must litigate to protect our intellectual property from infringement, we may incur substantial costs and our officers may be forced to devote significant time to litigation-related matters. The laws of certain foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.

Our pending patent applications, or those we may file or license from third parties in the future, may not result in patents being issued. Until a patent is issued, the claims covered by an application for patent may be narrowed or removed entirely, thus depriving us of adequate protection. As a result, we may face unanticipated competition, or conclude that without patent rights the risk of bringing Ampion to market exceeds the returns we are likely to obtain. We are generally aware of the scientific research being conducted in the areas in which we focus our research and development efforts, but patent applications filed by others are maintained in secrecy for at least 18 months after filing and, in some cases in the U.S., until the patent is issued. The publication of discoveries in scientific literature often occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries were made. As a result, it is possible that patent applications for products similar to our biologic candidate may have already been filed by others without our knowledge. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights, and it is possible that development of Ampion could be challenged by other pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. If we become involved in litigation concerning the enforceability, scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others, we may incur significant litigation or licensing expenses, be prevented from further developing or commercializing Ampion, be required to seek licenses that may not be available from third parties on commercially acceptable terms, if at all, or subject us to compensatory or punitive damage awards. Any of these consequences could materially harm our business.

Research and Development

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we recorded $12.6 million and $6.8 million, respectively, of research and development expenses. Research and development expenses represented 67.9% and 61.0% of total operating

expenses in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. More information regarding our research and development activities can be found in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Item 7 of this Annual Report.

Compliance with Environmental Laws

We believe we are in compliance with current environmental protection requirements that apply to us or our business. Costs attributable to environmental compliance are not currently material.

Raw Materials and Principal Suppliers

We currently obtain the raw material needed to produce Ampion for our clinical trials from one supplier in the United States.

Product Liability and Insurance

The development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products involve inherent risks of adverse side effects or reactions that can cause bodily injury or even death. Ampion, if we succeed in commercializing, could adversely affect consumers even after obtaining regulatory approval and, if so, we could be required to withdraw our product from the market or be subject to administrative or other proceedings. We obtain clinical trial liability coverage for human clinical trials, and, if we obtain regulatory approval of Ampion, we will obtain appropriate product liability insurance coverage for Ampion that we manufacture and sell for human use. The amount, nature, and pricing of such insurance coverage will likely vary due to a number of factors such as Ampion’s clinical profile, efficacy, and safety record, and other characteristics. We may not be able to obtain sufficient insurance coverage to address our exposure to product recall or liability actions, or the cost of that coverage may be such that we will be limited in the types or amount of coverage we can obtain. Any uninsured loss we suffer could materially and adversely affect our business and financial position.

Employees

As of February 14, 2020, we had 23 full-time employees and utilized the services of a number of consultants on a temporary basis.

Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 373 Inverness Parkway, Suite 200, Englewood, Colorado 80112 USA, and our phone number is (720) 437‑6500.

You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on From 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports on our website at http://www.ampiopharma.com on the earliest practicable date following the filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).  Information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the Nominating and Governance Committee, Audit, Compensation, and Disclosure Committees of our Board of Directors (our “Board”) may be accessed within the Investor Relations section of our website. Amendments and waivers of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics will also be disclosed within four business days of issuance on the website. Information found on our website is neither part of this annual report on Form 10‑K nor any other report filed with the SEC.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

Management has performed an analysis of our ability to continue as a going concern. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

Based on their assessment, management has raised concerns about our ability to continue as a going concern. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going

concern in their report accompanying our audited financial statements. A “going concern” opinion could impair our ability to finance our operations through the sale and issuance of debt or equity securities or through bank financing. We believe that we will be able to raise additional equity or debt financing in the future; however, any future financing could be dilutive to our current stockholders. Our ability to continue as a going concern will depend on our ability to obtain additional financing. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If adequate financing is not available, we would be required to terminate or significantly curtail our operations or enter into arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to certain aspects of Ampion, or potential markets that we would not otherwise relinquish. If we are unable to achieve these goals, our business would be jeopardized, and we may not be able to continue operations.

We have incurred significant losses since inception, expect to incur net losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We are a pre-revenue development stage biopharmaceutical company that has not generated operating revenues or profits and have therefore incurred an accumulated deficit totaling $184.6 million as of December 31, 2019. We expect to continue generating operating losses for the foreseeable future but intend to limit the extent of these losses by entering into licensing, collaboration or similar type of agreements with one or more strategic partners, which may provide us with potential fixed or contingent licensing fees and/or milestone/royalty payments. We cannot be certain that any licensing or collaboration arrangements will be obtained, or that the terms of those arrangements will result in us receiving material revenues. To obtain revenues from Ampion, we must succeed, either alone or with others, in a range of challenging activities, including successful completion of all requisite clinical trials, filing of the BLA with the FDA, obtaining marketing approval, manufacturing and commercialization, satisfying any post-marketing requirements and obtaining appropriate level of reimbursement from both private insurance and government payors. We, and/or our collaborators, may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, or one of our collaborators does, we may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability.

We will need additional capital to fund our future operations. If we do not obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval of, and commercialize Ampion and may need to cease operations.

Developing and commercializing biopharmaceutical products is a very time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. We expect our expenses could increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we finalize our current clinical trial, prepare to file our Ampion BLA with the FDA and seek marketing approval for Ampion.

As of December 31, 2019, we had $6.5 million of cash and cash equivalents which we expect can fund our operation into the second quarter of 2020.

Our future capital requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors including:

Until we can generate ongoing operating profit on an ongoing and reliable basis, we expect to satisfy our future ongoing cash and liquidity needs through one or more of the following: (i) third-party collaboration arrangements, (ii) private or public sales of our securities, which we expect will include an “at-the-market” (“ATM”) equity program, or (iii) debt financings. We cannot be certain that additional funding and incremental working capital will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all, or that it will exist in a timely and/or adequate manner to allow for the proper execution of our near and long-term business strategy. In addition, we are subject to certain restrictions under our agreement with an investment banker that we entered into in June 2019, which may prevent us from conducting an ATM or continuous equity financing in the near term until June 2021.  The investment banker may also exercise a right of first refusal to act as the investment banker or placement agent on certain future transactions. Therefore, it is possible funds may not be available on terms and conditions acceptable to management and stockholders of the Company due to these limitations or otherwise and we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate further development of Ampion and the planned filing of the BLA and/or substantially curtail or close our operations altogether.

Even if we obtain requisite financing, it may be on terms not favorable to us, it may be costly and it may require us to agree to covenants or other provisions that will favor new investors over existing stockholders or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business. Additional funding, if obtained, may also result in significant dilution to our stockholders.

We may be limited in our ability to access sufficient funding through a public or private equity offering or convertible debt offering.

NYSE American rules impose restrictions on our ability to raise funds through a private offering of our common stock, convertible debt or similar instruments without obtaining stockholder approval. Under NYSE American rules, an offering of more than 20% of our total shares outstanding at a price per share less than the greater of book or market value of the stock requires stockholder approval unless the offering qualifies as a “public offering” for purposes of the NYSE American rules. In June 2019, we sold 30.0 million shares of our common stock in a public offering, which was more than 20% of our total shares outstanding at that time at a price per share less than the greater of book or market value of the stock at that time, and if we had not been able to sell through a public offering at that time, such offering would have required stockholder approval. Under current SEC regulations, if immediately following the filing of this Annual Report, our public float is less than $75 million, and for so long as our non-affiliated public float is less than $75 million, the amount we will be able to raise through primary public offerings of securities in the twelve-month period using our current shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective by the SEC in April 2017, or a newly filed shelf registration statement on Form S-3 will be limited to an aggregate of one-third of our non-affiliated public float, which is referred to as the baby shelf rules.

As of February 14, 2020, our non-affiliated public float was approximately $107.4 million, based on 156,250,310 shares of outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates at a price of $0.69 per share, which was the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE American Market on February 14, 2020. While we do not anticipate that we will be subject to the baby shelf rules immediately after filing our Annual Report, we have been subject to the baby shelf rules in the past and it is possible that we will be subject to the baby shelf rules in the future. In such event, the amount of financing the Company could raise may be limited.

We received an SPA agreement from the FDA relating to our product candidate. This SPA agreement does not guarantee approval of Ampion or any other particular outcome from regulatory review.

 

We requested agreement from the FDA under an SPA for our AP-013 study of Ampion, which we received in writing from the FDA in June 2019. The FDA’s SPA process is designed to facilitate the FDA’s review and approval of biologics by allowing the FDA to evaluate the proposed design and size of certain clinical trials that are intended to form the primary basis for determining a biologic’s efficacy. Upon specific request by a clinical trial sponsor, the FDA will evaluate the protocol and respond to a sponsor’s questions regarding, among other things, primary efficacy endpoints, trial conduct and data analysis. The FDA ultimately assesses whether the protocol design and planned analysis of the trial are acceptable to support regulatory approval of the product candidate with respect to the effectiveness of the indication studied. Based on their review, the FDA will then issue a SPA Agreement letter, or a SPA No Agreement letter.

 

As stated in the FDA’s guidance for industry regarding SPAs (published in April 2018), a SPA agreement does not guarantee approval of a product candidate, even if the trial is conducted in accordance with the protocol. Moreover, the FDA may revoke or alter our SPA agreement in certain circumstances. In particular, a SPA agreement is not binding on the FDA if public health concerns emerge that were unrecognized at the time of the SPA agreement, other new scientific concerns regarding product safety or efficacy arise, we fail to comply with the agreed upon trial protocols, or the relevant data, assumptions, or information provided by us in our request for the SPA change or are found to be false or omit relevant facts. In addition, even after an SPA agreement is finalized, the SPA agreement may be modified, and such modification will be deemed binding on the FDA review division, except under the circumstances described above, if the FDA and the sponsor agree in writing to modify the protocol and such modification is intended to improve the study. The FDA retains significant latitude and discretion in interpreting the terms of the SPA agreement and the data and results from any study that is the subject of the SPA agreement.

 

Even though we obtained an agreement on our SPA, we cannot assure you that our AP-013 study of Ampion will succeed or will result in any FDA approval for Ampion. Moreover, if the FDA revokes or alters its agreement under our SPA, or interprets the data collected from the AP-013 Study differently than we do, the FDA may not deem the data sufficient to support an application for regulatory approval, or the FDA may require additional clinical trials to support a BLA for Ampion’s treatment of severe OAK, both of which could materially impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 

Our business is dependent on the success of Ampion. If Ampion does not receive regulatory approval or is not successfully commercialized, our business is likely to be harmed.

A substantial portion of our business and future success depends solely on our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and successfully commercialize Ampion. We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale and may never be able to develop marketable products. We are devoting all of our resources to the development of Ampion. We cannot be certain that Ampion will be successful in ongoing or future clinical trials, receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory approval.

 

If clinical trials of Ampion fail to satisfactorily demonstrate safety and efficacy to the FDA and other regulators, the FDA or other regulators may require additional clinical trials and we, or our collaborators, may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of Ampion.

 

Clinical trials are long, expensive, and unpredictable processes that can be subject to extensive delays. We cannot guarantee that any clinical studies will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. It may take several years to complete clinical development necessary to commercialize a biologic, and delays or failure can occur at any stage. Success in pre-clinical testing and the results of earlier clinical trials do not necessarily predict clinical success, and larger and later-stage clinical studies may not produce the same results as earlier-stage clinical studies. In addition, clinical studies of potential products often reveal that it is not possible or practical to continue development efforts for these product candidates. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials even after promising results in earlier trials and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. The design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support

approval of a product for a desired indication and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced.

We continue to work toward completion and analysis of clinical trials for Ampion’s treatment of severe OAK. Any unfavorable outcome of our current AP-013 Study of Ampion, which we anticipate will be the last clinical trial that we conduct prior to BLA submission, would be a major set-back for the development program and for us. Due to our limited financial resources, an unfavorable outcome in the AP-013 Study may require us to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate our only active product development program, which we expect would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and on the value of our common stock.

In connection with clinical testing and trials, we face a number of risks, including, but not limited to the following:

If we do not successfully complete clinical development, file our BLA and receive marketing approval from the FDA, we will be unable to market and sell products derived from Ampion and generate revenues. Even if we do successfully complete the AP-013 study, the results may not be sufficient for FDA approval of our BLA for Ampion’s treatment of severe OAK, the FDA may not deem the data sufficient to support an application for regulatory approval, or if the FDA required additional clinical trials to support a BLA, the results may not necessarily be predictive of results of additional trials that may be needed before a BLA is submitted to the FDA. Although there are a large number of biologics in the development stage in the United States and other countries, only a small percentage result in the submission of a BLA to the FDA, even fewer are approved for commercialization, and only a small number achieve widespread physician and consumer acceptance following regulatory approval. If our current clinical study is substantially delayed or fails to satisfactorily address the safety and effectiveness of Ampion in development, we may not receive regulatory approval of Ampion and our business and financial condition will be materially harmed.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and perform data collection and analysis, which may result in costs and delays that prevent us from successfully commercializing Ampion.

 

We currently rely, and will rely in the future, on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract research organizations, contract laboratories, and collaborators to perform data collection and analysis and other aspects of our clinical trials.

Our clinical trials conducted by third parties may be delayed, suspended, or terminated if:

Third party performance failures may increase our development costs, delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval, and delay or prevent the commercialization of Ampion. If we seek alternative sources to provide these services, we may not be able to enter into replacement arrangements without incurring delays or additional costs.

Relying on third-party suppliers may result in delays in our ongoing clinical trial and introduction of our product to the market.

We currently obtain the raw material needed to produce Ampion for our clinical trials from one supplier in the United States. Our current agreement with this supplier expires in December 2020 and we are in the process of securing a long-term supply agreement.  Future clinical trials, if required, and FDA approval may be delayed if we are unable to obtain a sufficient quantity of the raw material needed to produce Ampion on a timely basis or if we need to establish an alternative source of supply for the raw material.

Once regulatory approval is obtained, a marketed product and its suppliers and manufacturers are subject to continual review. The discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or supplier and manufacturers may result in restrictions on the product, supplier, or manufacturing facility, including withdrawal of the product from the market. Our raw material supplier is required to operate in accordance with cGMPs. A failure of any of our contract suppliers to establish and follow cGMPs and to document their adherence to such practices may lead to significant delays in the launch of Ampion into the market. Failure by third-party suppliers to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, revocation or suspension of marketing approval for our product, seizures or recalls of our product, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecutions.

We currently, and from time to time in the future may, outsource portions of our internal business functions to third-party providers. Outsourcing these functions has significant risks, and our failure to manage these risks successfully could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We currently, and from time to time in the future may, outsource portions of our internal business functions to third-party providers including information technology, human resources, internal audit testing, legal services and certain calculations and other information that support our accounting and financial reporting, among other things. Third-party providers may not comply on a timely basis with all of our requirements or may not provide us with an acceptable level of service. In addition, our reliance on third-party providers could have significant negative consequences, including significant disruptions in our operations and significantly increased costs to undertake our operations. For example, any failure by the third-party providers that assist us with financial reporting to provide us with accurate information or implement and maintain effective controls may cause us to be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly traded company and we could experience deficiencies in our operations that could have an adverse effect on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. As a result of our outsourcing activities, it may be more difficult for us to recruit and retain qualified employees for our business needs at any time and if we have a failure in our outsourced financial reporting activities, our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to provide us with an unqualified report regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which may cause investors to lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and could result in a decrease in the value of our common stock. Our failure to successfully outsource any material portion of our business functions could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

If we do not receive marketing approval for Ampion, we may not realize the investment we have made in our manufacturing facility.

In May 2014, we commenced a 125- month lease of a multi-purpose facility containing approximately 19,000 square feet. We have built out this facility in anticipation of receiving approval of our BLA and commencing commercialization of Ampion for treatment of severe OAK.  If the submission of our BLA for Ampion is significantly delayed, the FDA does not approve our BLA for Ampion, and/or does not approve of our manufacturing operation, we will not be able to manufacture Ampion for commercial sale in our facility and we will remain obligated to make payments under our lease, which is set to expire in 2024. Any delay or failure to receive BLA approval for Ampion could have a material adverse effect on the carrying value of the manufacturing facility as well as on our results of operations.

While the likelihood of the use hazardous materials is deemed minimal,  in the unlikely instance we use hazardous and/or biological materials in a manner that causes injury or violates applicable law, we may be liable for damages or fines.

The use of hazardous and biological materials is deemed unlikely.  However, the activities conducted at our facility (i.e. research and development and manufacturing) may, from time to time, involve the controlled use of potentially hazardous substances, including, but not limited to, chemical and biological materials and hazardous waste products.  Federal, state, and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials. If we experience a release of hazardous substances, it is possible that this release could cause personal injury or death, and require decontamination of the facility. In the unlikely event of an accident while manufacturing Ampion, we could be held liable for damages or face substantial penalties. We do not have any insurance for liabilities arising from the procurement, handling, or discharge of hazardous materials. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations, in the event of an accident, is expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may delay our research, development and production efforts, which could harm the financial condition of our business or impair our operations.

Even if we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approvals for Ampion, the terms of approvals and ongoing regulation of our product may limit how we, or our collaborators, manufacture and market our product, which could materially impair our ability to generate revenue.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for Ampion, this approval may carry conditions that limit the market for the product or put the product at a competitive disadvantage relative to alternative therapies for treatment of severe OAK. For instance, the indicated use for Ampion that we have negotiated with the FDA is “treatment of the signs and symptoms of severe OAK”, which will mean that our product will not be marketed to persons having less than severe OAK, a regulatory approval may further limit the indicated uses for which we can market a product or the patient population that may utilize the product.  These restrictions could make it more difficult to market Ampion effectively.

Accordingly, assuming we, or our collaborators, receive marketing approval for Ampion, we, our collaborators and contract manufacturers will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance, and quality control.

Ampion for which we obtain marketing approval in the future could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we, and our collaborators, may be subject to substantial penalties if we, or they, fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we, or they, experience unanticipated problems with our product following approval. The expenses and costs we will incur to comply with FDA post approval requirements could limit our financial resources for other development activities.

 

Ampion for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval in the future, as well as the manufacturing processes, post-approval studies and measures, labeling, advertising, and promotional activities for such product, among other things, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of Ampion is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated use for which the product may be marketed and there may be conditions of approval.

The FDA may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product. The FDA and other agencies, including the Department of Justice, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are manufactured, marketed, and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we, or our collaborators, do not market Ampion in accordance with the marketing approval received for the product’s approved indications, we, or they, may be subject to warnings or enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violation of the FDCA, the Public Health Service Act, and other statutes, including the False Claims Act, relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws.

Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures. The costs and expenses we may incur to comply with FDA post approval requirements could limit our financial resources for other development activities.

If we do not achieve our projected development and commercialization goals in the timeframes we announce and expect, the commercialization of Ampion may be delayed, our business will be harmed, and our stock price may decline.

We sometimes estimate for planning purposes the timing of the accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory, and other product development objectives. These milestones may include our expectations regarding the commencement or completion of scientific studies, clinical trials, the submission of regulatory filings, or commercialization objectives. From time to time, we may publicly announce the expected timing of some of these milestones, such as the completion of an ongoing clinical trial, the initiation of other clinical programs, submission of a BLA application, receipt of marketing approval, or a commercial launch of a product. The achievement of many of these milestones may be outside of our control. All of these milestones are based on a variety of assumptions which may cause the timing of achievement of the milestones to vary considerably from our estimates, including:

If we fail to achieve announced milestones in the timeframes we announce and expect, our business and results of operations may be harmed, and the price of our stock may decline.

Even if collaborators with which we currently contract with or may contract with in the future successfully complete clinical trials of Ampion, our product may not be commercialized successfully for other reasons.

Even if the contractors that we currently contract with for the AP-013 study, or contractors that we may contract with in the future, successfully complete clinical trials for Ampion, our product may not be commercialized for other reasons, including:

We might enter into agreements with collaborators to commercialize Ampion, which may affect the sales of our product and our ability to generate revenues.

We are not currently established to handle sales, marketing, and distribution of pharmaceutical products and may contract with, or license, third parties to market Ampion if we receive regulatory approvals. Outsourcing sales and marketing in this manner may subject us to a variety of risks, including:

If we are unable to partner with a third party that has adequate sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities, we may have difficulty commercializing Ampion, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and ability to generate product revenues.

Ampion is regulated by the FDA, and as such, may subject it to competition sooner than anticipated.

With the enactment of the BPCIA an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products was created.  The abbreviated regulatory pathway established legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilars, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an existing brand product.  The BPCIA provides a period of exclusivity for product granted “reference product exclusivity,” under which an application for a biosimilar product referencing such products cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the original branded product is approved under a BLA. 

This period of regulatory exclusivity does not apply to companies pursuing regulatory approval via their own traditional BLA, rather than via the abbreviated pathway. Therefore, if Ampion were to receive reference product exclusivity, a competitor may seek approval of a product candidate under a full BLA. In such a case, although the competitor would not enjoy the benefits of the abbreviated pathway for biosimilar approval created under the BPCIA, the FDA would not be precluded from making effective an approval of the competitor product pursuant to a BLA prior to the expiration of our 12-year period of market exclusivity.

We could face substantial competition from companies with considerably more resources and experience than we have, which may result in others discovering, developing, receiving approval for, or commercializing products before or more successfully than us.

If we develop an approved product, we cannot provide assurance it will be first to market, clinically superior or scientifically preferable to existing or future products and/or treatments developed or introduced by our competitors.    Our ability to succeed in the future depends on our ability to discover, develop, and commercialize a pharmaceutical product that offers superior efficacy, convenience, tolerability, and safety when compared to existing, or a lack of demonstrated, treatment methodologies. Because our strategy is to develop a new product candidate primarily for the treatment of a disease that affects a large patient population, our product is likely to compete with a number of existing medicines or treatments, and a large number of product candidates that are being developed by others.

Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, personnel, and marketing resources than we do. In addition, many of these competitors have significantly greater resources devoted to product development and pre-clinical research. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to:

Established pharmaceutical companies devote significant financial resources to discovering, developing, or licensing novel compounds that could make Ampion obsolete. Our competitors may obtain patent protection, receive FDA approval, and commercialize medicines before us. Other companies are engaged in the discovery of compounds that may compete with Ampion.

Any new product that competes with a currently-approved treatment or medicine must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability, and/or safety to address price competition and be commercially successful. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow, and our financial condition and operations will suffer.    

Lawsuits or investigations could divert our resources, result in substantial liabilities and reduce the commercial potential of Ampion.

 

We are currently and may be additionally in the future subject to legal or administrative proceedings and litigation which may be costly to defend and could materially harm our business, financial conditions and operations. While we do not anticipate that the current legal and administrative proceedings and litigation that we are currently subject to are likely to result in liability for the Company, the cost of responding to and defending ourselves in such proceedings was approximately $600,000 in 2019 and $84,000 in 2018, which was material, and, as of December 31, 2019, had not met our retention levels under our insurance.

Additionally, the risk that we may be sued on product liability claims is inherent in the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products. Side effects of, or manufacturing defects in, the product that we develop which is commercialized by us, or our collaborators could result in the deterioration of a patient’s condition, injury, or even death. Once a product is approved for sale and commercialized, the likelihood of product liability lawsuits increases. Claims may be brought by individuals seeking relief for themselves or by individuals or groups seeking to represent a class. These lawsuits may divert our management from pursuing our business strategy and may be costly to defend. In addition, if we are held liable in any of these lawsuits, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be forced to limit or forgo further commercialization of Ampion.

Although we maintain general liability and product liability and directors and officers insurance, this insurance may not fully cover potential liabilities. In addition, our inability to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential legal or administrative liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercial production and sale of Ampion, if and when it receives regulatory approval, which could in turn adversely affect our business. Lawsuits and investigations, or threats thereof, could also harm our reputation, which may adversely affect our collaborators’ ability to commercialize our product successfully.

We may have difficulties obtaining and maintaining sufficient insurance coverage.

As a result of a number of factors, such as ongoing litigation, certain of the insurance products that we purchase have become less available and their cost has increased significantly in 2019. Although we maintain directors and officers insurance as well as general liability and product liability insurance, these insurance coverages only cover potential liabilities after our retention has been met and only to the extent of the insurance coverage, therefore, our insurance coverages may not fully cover potential liabilities. In addition, our inability to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product or other legal or administrative liability claims could prevent or inhibit the manufacture and sale of Ampion if it receives regulatory approval, which could adversely affect our business.

If Ampion is commercialized, this does not assure acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, or the medical community in general.

We cannot be sure that Ampion, if and when approved for marketing, will be accepted by physicians, patients, third-party payors, or the medical community in general. Even if the medical community accepts a product as safe and efficacious for its indicated use, physicians may choose to restrict the use of the product if we or any collaborator are unable to demonstrate that, based on experience, clinical data, side-effect profiles, and other factors, our product is preferable to any existing medicines or treatments. We cannot predict the degree of market acceptance of Ampion once we receive marketing approval, which will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

Government restrictions on pricing and reimbursement, as well as other healthcare payor cost-containment initiatives, may negatively impact our ability to generate revenues if we obtain regulatory approval to market our product.

The commercial success of Ampion will depend on the reimbursement rates from health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit, government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers, and other third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only at limited levels, we, or our collaborators, may not be able to successfully commercialize Ampion. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us, or our collaborators, to establish or maintain pricing to realize a sufficient return on our or their investments.

The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations, and other payors of health care costs to contain or reduce costs of health care may adversely affect one or more of the following:

The 2010 enactment of the Affordable Care Act is expected to significantly impact the provision of, and payment for, health care in the United States. Various provisions of these laws are designed to expand Medicaid eligibility, subsidize insurance premiums, provide incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibit denials of coverage due to pre-existing conditions, establish health insurance exchanges, and provide additional support for medical research. Additional legislative proposals to reform healthcare and government insurance programs, along with the trend toward managed healthcare in the United States, could influence the purchase of medicines and reduce demand and prices for our products, if approved. This could harm our or our collaborators’ ability to market our product and generate revenues. Cost containment measures that health care payors and providers are instituting, and the effect of further health care reform could significantly reduce potential revenues from the sale of Ampion in the future, and could cause an increase in our compliance, manufacturing, or other operating expenses. In addition, in certain foreign markets, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to government control and reimbursement may in some cases be unavailable. We believe that pricing pressures at the federal and state level, as well as internationally, will continue and may increase, which may make it difficult for us to sell our potential product that may be approved in the future at a price acceptable to us or any of our future collaborators.

The approval process outside the United States varies among countries and may limit our ability to develop, manufacture and sell our product internationally. Failure to obtain marketing approval in international jurisdictions would prevent Ampion from being marketed abroad.

In order to market and sell our product outside the United States, we, or our collaborators, may need to obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements in global markets which do not recognize the FDA approval process. The approval procedures in these jurisdictions vary among countries and can require separate clinical trials and approval submission/approval process involve additional testing. If we or our collaborators seek marketing approvals for Ampion outside the United States, we will be subject to the regulatory requirements of health authorities in each country in which we seek approvals. With respect to marketing authorizations in Europe, we will be required to submit a European marketing authorization application (“MAA”) to the EMA which conducts a validation and scientific approval process in evaluating a product for safety and efficacy. As further noted above, the approval procedure varies among regions and countries and can involve additional testing, and the time required to obtain approvals may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Obtaining regulatory approvals from health authorities in countries outside the United States is likely to subject us to all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval described above. In addition, marketing approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by the health authorities of any other country.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key employees, consultants and advisors and to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel. 

 

We are highly dependent on our executive officers; the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled executives and scientific personnel in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, our current financial needs and potential benefit packages at other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive, key employee, consultant, or advisor may impede the progress of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

 

In order to induce valuable employees to remain employed at Ampio, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we have provided stock options that vest over time. The value to employees of stock options that vest over time may be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are beyond our control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies.

 

Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management, scientific, and development teams have in the past and may in the future terminate their employment with us. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees and our inability to find suitable replacements could potentially harm our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. We do not maintain “key man” insurance policies on the lives of these individuals or any of our other employees. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level, and senior managers as well as junior, mid-level, and senior scientific and medical personnel.

 

Many of the other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They may also provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high quality candidates than what we can offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can discover, develop and commercialize product candidates will be limited.

 

Our drug development program to date has been dependent in large part upon the services of Dr. David Bar-Or, who retired as Chief Scientific Officer in September 2018.

 

Our drug development program to date has been dependent in large part upon the services of Dr. David Bar-Or, who retired from his full-time role as Chief Scientific Officer effective September 30, 2018. Although Dr. Bar-Or continues to serve as a member of our Board and our Scientific Advisory Board, the loss of his services as our full-time Chief Scientific Officer could diminish when, and if, we have the financial resources to do so, our ability to develop and commercialize new product candidates.

 

Business interruptions could limit our ability to operate our business.

Our operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from computer viruses, human error, natural disasters, telecommunications failures, intentional acts of misappropriation, and similar events. We have not established a formal disaster recovery plan or back-up operations. Additionally, our business interruption insurance may not be adequate to compensate us for losses that occur. A significant business interruption could result in losses or damages and require us to curtail our operations.

While we are not aware of any cybersecurity incidents, the cybersecurity landscape continues to evolve, and we may find it necessary to make further investments to protect our data and infrastructure.

We continuously work to install new and upgrade existing information technology systems and provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to ensure that we are protected, to the greatest extent possible, against cyber risks and security breaches.  Any actual or suspected security breach or other compromise of our security measures or those of our third-party vendors, whether as a result of hacking efforts, denial-of-service attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks or otherwise, could harm our reputation and business, require us to expend significant capital and other resources to address the breach, and result in a violation of applicable laws, regulations or other legal obligations.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, contract research organizations, principal investigators, consultants, and commercial partners may engage in fraudulent conduct or other illegal activity or may fail to disclosure unauthorized activities to us. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent failures to comply with:

 

In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to limitation. 

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, substantial changes in our ownership may limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that could be utilized annually in the future to offset our taxable income. Specifically, this limitation may arise in the event of a cumulative change in ownership of our company of more than 50% within a three-year period. Any such annual limitation may significantly reduce the utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards before they expire. We believe it is likely that transactions that have occurred in the past and other transactions that may occur in the future, could trigger an ownership change pursuant to Section 382, which could limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that could be utilized annually in the future to offset our taxable income, if any.

Further, the Tax Act changed the federal rules governing net operating loss carryforwards. For net operating loss carryforwards arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the Tax Act limits a taxpayer’s ability to utilize such carryforwards to 80% of taxable income. In addition, net operating loss carryforwards arising in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely, but carryback is generally prohibited. Net operating loss carryforwards generated before January 1, 2018 will not be subject to the Tax Act’s taxable income limitation and will continue to have a twenty-year carryforward period. Nevertheless, our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax assets could expire before utilization and could be subject to limitations, which could harm our business, revenue, and financial results.

 

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our ability to compete may decline if we do not adequately protect our proprietary rights.

Our commercial success depends on obtaining and maintaining proprietary rights for Ampion including its composition and uses. We must successfully defend these rights against third-party challenges. We will only be able to protect Ampion’s proprietary composition and its uses from unauthorized use to the extent that valid and enforceable patents, or effectively protected trade secrets, cover them.

Our ability to obtain patent protection for Ampion and its composition is uncertain due to a number of factors, including:

Even if we have or obtain patents covering Ampion or its uses, we may still be barred from making, using and selling Ampion because of the patent rights of others. Others have or may have filed, and in the future may file, patent applications covering compositions or products that are similar or identical to ours. There are many issued U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications relating to chemical compounds, biological compositions and therapeutic products, and some of these may relate to compositions we intend to commercialize. These could materially affect our ability to develop Ampion or sell our product if approved. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications unknown to us that may later result in issued patents that Ampion or its uses may infringe. These patent applications may have priority over patent applications filed by us.

We have conducted searches in the past to identify patents or patent applications that may prevent us from obtaining patent protection for our compositions or that could limit the rights we have claimed in our patents and patent applications, however, currently there are no ongoing searching efforts. Disputes may arise regarding the source or ownership of our inventions. It is difficult to determine if and how such disputes would be resolved. Others may challenge the validity of our patents. If our patents are found to be invalid, we will lose the ability to exclude others from making, using or selling the compositions or uses addressed in those patents. 

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information and may not adequately protect our intellectual property, which could limit our ability to compete.

Because we operate in the highly technical field of drug discovery and development of therapies that can address inflammation and other conditions, we rely in part on trade secret protection to protect our proprietary technology and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential, and not disclose to third parties, all confidential information developed by the party or made known to the party by us during the party’s relationship with us. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the party while rendering services for us will be our exclusive property.

However, these agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is difficult, expensive, and time consuming and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. The failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive position.

A dispute concerning the infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights or the proprietary rights of others could be time consuming and costly, and an unfavorable outcome could harm our business.

There is significant litigation in the pharmaceutical industry regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. While we are not currently subject to any pending intellectual property litigation, and are not aware of any such threatened litigation, we may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that Ampion, methods of making Ampion and/or methods of using Ampion infringe the intellectual property rights of others. There are many patents relating to pharmaceuticals used to treat inflammation. Some of these may encompass Ampion or components of Ampion. If our development activities are found to infringe any such patents, we may have to pay significant damages or seek licenses to such patents. A patentee could prevent us from using pharmaceuticals encompassed by their claims. We may need to resort to litigation to enforce a patent issued to us, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. From time to time, we may hire scientific personnel or consultants formerly employed by other companies involved in one or more areas similar to the activities conducted by us. Either we or these individuals may be subject to allegations of trade secret misappropriation or other similar claims as a result of prior affiliations. If we become involved in litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our managerial and financial resources, regardless of whether we win or lose. We may not be able to afford the costs of litigation. Any legal action against us or our collaborators could lead to:

As a result, we could be prevented from commercializing Ampion.

Pharmaceutical patents and patent applications involve highly complex legal and factual questions, which, if determined adversely to us, could negatively impact our patent position.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. For example, some of our patents and patent applications cover methods of use of Ampion, while other patents and patent applications cover the composition of Ampion. The interpretation and breadth of claims allowed in some patents covering pharmaceutical compositions may be uncertain and difficult to determine and are often affected materially by the facts and circumstances that pertain to the patented composition and the related patent claims. The standards of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) are sometimes uncertain and could change in the future. Consequently, the issuance and scope of patents cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings, and U.S. patents may be subject to reexamination or other post-grant proceedings by the USPTO. Foreign patents may be subject to opposition or comparable proceedings in the corresponding foreign patent offices, which could result in either loss of the patent or rejection of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such interference, reexamination and opposition proceedings may be costly. Accordingly, rights under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive products or processes.

In addition, changes in or different interpretations of patent laws in the United States and foreign countries may permit others to use our discoveries or to develop and commercialize our technology and product without providing any compensation to us, or may limit the number of patents or claims we can obtain. The laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws and those countries may lack adequate rules and procedures for defending our intellectual property rights. For example, some countries do not grant patent claims directed to methods of treating humans and, in these countries, patent protection may not be available at all to protect Ampion. In addition, U.S. patent laws may change, which could prevent or limit us from filing patent applications or patent claims to protect our products and/or compounds.

If we fail to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection for Ampion, its proprietary composition and its uses, we could lose our competitive advantage and the competition we face could increase, reducing any potential revenues and adversely affecting our ability to attain or maintain profitability.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The price of our stock has been extremely volatile and may continue to be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for purchasers of our common stock.

The price of our common stock has been extremely volatile and may continue to be so. The stock market in general and the market for pharmaceutical companies have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of a particular company. The following factors, in addition to the other risk factors described in this section, may also have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock:

In addition, we believe there has been and may continue to be substantial off-market transactions in derivatives of our stock, including short selling activity or related similar activities, which are beyond our control and which may be beyond the full control of the SEC and Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). While SEC and FINRA rules prohibit some forms of short selling and other activities that may result in stock price manipulation, such activity may nonetheless occur without detection or enforcement.  Significant short selling or other types of market manipulation could cause our stock trading price to decline, to become more volatile, or both.

The price of our stock may be vulnerable to manipulation.

We believe that our common stock has been the subject of significant short selling by certain market participants. Short sales are transactions in which a market participant sells a security that it does not own. To complete the transaction, the market participant must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The market participant is then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at the market price at the time of required replacement. If the

price at the time of replacement is lower than the price at which the security was originally sold by the market participant, then the market participant will realize a gain on the transaction. Thus, it is in the market participant’s interest for the market price of the underlying security to decline as much as possible during the period prior to the time of replacement.

Because our unrestricted public float has been small relative to other issuers, previous short selling efforts have impacted, and may in the future continue to impact, the value of our stock in an extreme and volatile manner to our detriment and the detriment of our stockholders. In addition, market participants with admitted short positions in our stock have published, and may in the future continue to publish, negative information regarding us and our management team on internet sites or blogs that we believe is inaccurate and misleading. We believe that the publication of this negative information has led, and may in the future continue to lead, to significant downward pressure on the price of our stock to our detriment and the further detriment of our stockholders. These and other efforts by certain market participants to manipulate the price of our common stock for their personal financial gain may cause our stockholders to lose a portion of their investment, may make it more difficult for us to raise equity capital when needed without significantly diluting existing stockholders, and may reduce demand from new investors to purchase shares of our stock.

If we cannot continue to satisfy the NYSE American listing maintenance requirements and other rules, including the director independence requirements, our securities may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities.

Although our common stock is listed on the NYSE American, we may be unable to continue to satisfy the listing maintenance requirements and rules. If we are unable to satisfy the NYSE American criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting. To qualify for continued listing on the NYSE American, we must remain in compliance.  There can be no assurances that we will be able to continue to comply with the NYSE American listing requirements.

If the NYSE American delists our securities, we could face significant consequences, including:

In addition, we would no longer be subject to the NYSE American rules, including rules requiring us to have a certain number of independent directors and to meet other corporate governance standards.

Concentration of our ownership limits the ability of our stockholders to influence corporate matters.

As of February 14, 2020, holders of more than 5% of our common stock and our directors, executive officers and their affiliates beneficially owned 27.4% of our outstanding common stock. These stockholders may have significant effect on the outcome of actions taken by us that require stockholder approval.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter and bylaws and in Delaware law could prevent or delay a change in control of Ampio.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay, or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions include:

Increased costs associated with corporate governance compliance may significantly impact our results of operations.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses due to our compliance with regulations and disclosure obligations applicable to us, including compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC, and the NYSE American. The SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require our compliance. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that have required the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas. Stockholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact, in ways we cannot currently anticipate, the manner in which we operate our business. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance programs and monitoring of public company reporting obligations, and as a result of the new corporate governance and executive compensation related rules, regulations, and guidelines prompted by the Dodd-Frank Act, and further regulations and disclosure obligations expected in the future, we will likely need to devote additional time and costs to comply with such compliance programs and rules. These rules and regulations will cause us to incur significant legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. We continuously refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate, and weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which we may be required to include in our periodic reports that we file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and could harm our operating results, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, or result in a restatement of our prior period financial statements. If we are not able to demonstrate compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, that our internal controls over financial reporting are perceived as adequate, or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, and the price of our common stock could decline.

We are required to comply with certain of the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include the disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by our management or our independent registered public accounting firm. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or if we are unable to complete our evaluation,

testing, and any required remediation in a timely fashion, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective.

These developments could make it more difficult for us to retain qualified members of our Board, qualified executive officers and/or qualified internal and independent auditors. We are presently evaluating and monitoring regulatory developments and cannot estimate the timing or magnitude of additional costs we may incur as a result. To the extent these costs are significant, our general and administrative expenses are likely to increase.

We have no plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock.

We have no plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock. We intend to invest future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Any payment of future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, statutory and contractual restrictions applying to the payment of dividends, and other considerations our Board deem relevant. Any future credit facilities or preferred stock financing we obtain may further limit our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock.

 

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.Properties

We maintain our headquarters, research laboratories, and manufacturing facilities in leased space located in Englewood, Colorado, for monthly lease payments of approximately $27,000. The lease expires in September 2024. We anticipate that the lease can be renewed on terms similar to those now in effect.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings    

Information regarding Legal Proceedings is contained in Note 14 to the Financial Statements.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Data

On June 17, 2013, our common stock began trading on the NYSE American under the ticker symbol “AMPE”. It was previously quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the same ticker symbol “AMPE”.

Holders of Common Stock

As of February 14, 2020, there were approximately 11,600 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never paid cash dividends and have no plans to pay cash dividends in the near future. We intend to utilize all current and future available resources to develop Ampion. If we issue any preferred stock and/or obtain financing from a bank in the future, the terms of those financings may contain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends as long as the preferred stock or bank financing is outstanding.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

 

Equity Compensation Plans Information

Information regarding our equity compensation plans is contained in Item 12 under “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” and Note 11 to the Financial Statements.    The Company’s 2010 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”) was terminated by the Board in December 2019 following approval by the Company’s stockholders of the new 2019 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”).

Item 6.Selected Financial Data

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

 

Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financings, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this Form 10‑K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We are a pre-revenue development stage biopharmaceutical company focused entirely on the development of Ampion, our lead product candidate, to treat prevalent inflammatory conditions for which there are limited treatment options.

The pharmaceutical market is a highly competitive industry with strict regulations that are time intensive and costly. However, we are committed to offer a compelling therapeutic option for the patients most in need of new treatment options for OAK.

Since we are in the research and development phase, we have not generated revenue to date. Our operations have been funded solely through equity raises, which have occurred from time to time since inception.

Moving forward, we plan to maintain a lean and efficient operating model by streamlining our operations and continuing to allocate all our resources towards achieving regulatory approval for the FDA marketing approval and subsequent commercialization of Ampion.

Discussion regarding our business is contained in Part I, Item 1. Business.

Recent Financing Activities

Information regarding our Recent Financing Activities is contained in Note 10 to the Financial Statements.

Known Trends or Future Events; Outlook

We are a pre-revenue development stage company that has not generated revenues and therefore, we have incurred an accumulated deficit of $184.6 million as of December 31, 2019. We expect to generate continued operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue development of Ampion toward filing a BLA for regulatory approval of Ampion’s treatment of severe OAK. In addition, we are exploring collaboration agreements with multiple strategic partners with the goal to try to limit the extent of these losses. As of December 31, 2019, we had $6.5 million of cash and cash equivalents which we expect will fund our operation into the second quarter of 2020.  These existing and on-going

factors continue to raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern (see Note 3 to the Financial Statements).

 

As of December 31, 2019, we have approximately $66.7 million available under the shelf registration statement with 118,382,387 authorized shares remaining.  However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to secure additional financing or that funding, if secured, will be adequate to execute our business strategy. Even if we are able to obtain additional financing, such additional financing may be costly and may require us to agree to covenants or other provisions that favor new investors over existing shareholders.    

 

Our primary focus for fiscal year 2020 is completion of the AP-013 clinical study and the filing of a BLA with the FDA for Ampion to treat the signs and symptoms of severe OAK.

 

Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses incurred during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to recoverability of long-lived assets, valuation allowance(s), useful lives of assets and remaining useful lives, stock compensation, warrant derivative liability, right-of-use asset, lease liability, clinical trial accrual and the ability for the Company to continue as a going concern. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable and appropriate under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The methods, estimates, and judgments used by us in applying these most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements.  Additional information regarding our Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates is contained in Note 2, 3 and 7 to the Financial Statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding recently issued and relevant accounting standards (adopted and not adopted as of December 31, 2019) is contained in Note 2 to the Financial Statements.

Results of Operations—Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to December 31, 2018

We recognized a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 period”) of $13.6 million compared to net income recognized of $34.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “2018 period”). The net loss during fiscal 2019 was attributable to operating expenses of $18.6 million, offset by the recognition of a non-cash derivative gain of $4.9 million. The 17.3 million warrant exercises during fiscal 2019 caused the valuation of the warrant liability to decrease, resulting in a non-cash derivative gain.  This non-cash derivative gain was slightly offset by the increase in our stock price from $0.39 as of December 31, 2018 to $0.58 as of December 31, 2019, which caused the valuation of the warrant liability to increase. The net income during fiscal 2018 was primarily attributable to the non-cash derivative gain of $45.3 million, which was partially offset by operating expenses of $11.2 million. The decrease in our stock price from $4.07 as of December 31, 2017 to $0.39 as of December 31, 2018 caused the valuation of the warrant liability to decrease resulting in a derivative gain during fiscal 2018. The operating expenses increased $7.4 million from the 2018 period to the 2019 period primarily due to a  $5.8 million increase in research and development costs and a $1.6 million increase in general and administrative costs, which are both further explained below.

 

Research and Development

Research and development costs consist of clinical trials, direct labor costs, consultants, and stock-based compensation. These costs relate solely to direct research and development without an allocation of general and administrative expenses and are summarized as follows:

 

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

Research and development costs increased $5.8 million, or 84.8%, for the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period.  Clinical trials expense increased $5.4 million for the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period due to the commencement of the AP-013 Phase III clinical study (“AP-013 study”) in June 2019.  Salaries and benefits also increased $915,000 for the 2019 period compared with the 2018 period, primarily due to the favorable accrual adjustment resulting from the elimination of the 2018 annual incentive compensation accrual as a result of the repricing of employee stock options in October 2018, which resulted in an adjustment totaling $488,000 for the 2018 period.  This 2018 favorable adjustment was partially offset by a de minimis stock-based compensation expense from the repricing of employee stock options.  In addition, during the 2019 period, we added three new positions to assist with the direct management and oversight of the AP-013 study and certain of our employees received merit increases effective at the commencement of 2019.  These three new positions and merit increases were partially offset by the reduction of the CSO position, which occurred during the end of the 2018 period. The increases in the clinical trial expenses and salaries and benefits were partially offset by a decrease in laboratory, regulatory/FDA, and stock-based compensation expenses.  Laboratory expenses decreased for the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period as we finalized a quality control project related to the manufacturing of Ampion.  Regulatory/FDA expenses decreased for the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period as we finalized our discussions with the FDA regarding our prior clinical trials.  Stock-based compensation decreased for the 2019 period compared with the 2018 period as previously awarded high-priced options became fully vested during the 2019 period.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of direct labor, director fees, stock-based compensation, patent costs, professional fees (for example: legal, auditing, and accounting) and occupancy, travel and other (for example:  rent, insurance, investor/public relations, and professional subscriptions). These costs are summarized as follows:

 

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

General and administrative costs increased $1.6 million, or 36.7 %, for the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period.  Professional fees increased primarily due to an increase in legal fees related to ongoing current litigation and government investigation matters.  The increase in professional fees was partially offset by a one-time cost related to a strategic assessment of the osteoarthritis environment report that occurred during the 2018 period.  Labor costs for the 2019 period increased compared to the 2018 period due to the favorable adjustment totaling $325,000 during the 2018 period resulting from an accrual adjustment resulting from the elimination of the annual discretionary corporate bonus accrual.  In addition, there was a separation agreement that was executed with our former Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) during the 2019 period resulting in an increase of $160,000 in labor costs.  Insurance expense increased from the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period primarily due to an increase of $500,000 in our D&O insurance premiums covering our new policy period as a result of the current litigation and government investigation matters.  Stock-based compensation increased due to the issuance of stock options related to the employment agreement for our new CFO, along with the cancellation and reissuance of previously awarded stock options for certain non-employee directors, which was partially offset by previously awarded high-priced options becoming fully vested during 2019.  Directors fees increased as more board meetings were held during the 2019 period as compared to the 2018 period.  Travel and meetings expenses increased from the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period as our clinical team performed site visits, increased frequency of non-deal roadshows and incremental travel and relocation related expenses consistent with our employment agreement with our new CFO.   

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

During 2019, our operating activities used approximately $15.4 million in cash, which was more than our net loss of $13.6 million primarily as a result of the non-cash gain from the warrant derivative totaling $4.9 million, non-cash charges related to depreciation and amortization, and stock-based compensation totaling $1.7 million; partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities totaling $1.4 million.

During 2018, our operating activities used approximately $12.1 million in cash, which was less than the net income of $34.0 million primarily as a result of the non-cash gain from warrant derivative totaling $45.3 million, non-cash charges related to depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation and loss from disposal of fixed assets totaling $1.9 million; partially offset by change in operating assets and liabilities totaling $2.7 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

During 2019, cash used to acquire manufacturing machinery and equipment totaled $22,000.

During 2018, cash used to acquire manufacturing machinery and equipment totaled $564,000.

Net Cash from Financing Activities

During the 2019, we received gross proceeds from the sale of common stock in a public offering of $12.0 million, which was offset by offering related costs of $1.2 million. In addition, we also received gross proceeds from warrant exercises of $3.9 million, which was offset by related costs of $277,000.  

During 2018, we received gross proceeds from the sale of common stock in a public offering of $8.0 million, which was offset by offering costs of $844,000.  In addition, we also received $4.9 million from option and warrant exercises.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Information regarding Contractual Obligations and Commitments is contained in Note 7 to the Financial Statements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have not generated operating revenue or profits. Our primary activities since inception have been focused on research and development activities for advancement of Ampion towards BLA submission, which has required raising capital. As of December 31, 2019, we do not have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations for the next twelve months.  Specifically, we had $6.5 million of cash and cash equivalents which we expect will fund our operations into April 2020. This projection is based on many assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available cash and cash equivalents earlier than presently anticipated. In addition, we anticipate that we will seek additional capital investments in both the near and long-term to enable us to primarily support (i) our existing AP-013 study, (ii) BLA preparation and submission, (iii) existing base business operations and (iv) commercial development activities for Ampion. We intend to evaluate the capital markets on an ongoing basis to determine the appropriate timing for such capital raise and which will depend on existing market conditions relative to our need for funds at such time.

 

The audit reports on our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 contained an explanatory paragraph indicating that there was substantial doubt about our ability continue as a going concern.  In order to address the going concern, we have prepared a projection through March 31, 2021.  This projection reflects cash requirements for fixed, on-going expenses such as payroll, legal and accounting, patents and overhead at an average cash burn rate of approximately $900,000 per month. The projection also reflects costs related to regulatory approvals, clinical trials and outsourced research and development costs of approximately $900,000 per month through the second quarter of 2020, which then decreases to $300,000 per month from the third quarter of 2020 through the fourth quarter of 2020. Accordingly, we believe that it will be necessary to raise additional capital and/or enter into licensing or collaboration agreements to fund the further development and regulatory activities that we plan to conduct.  As of December 31, 2019, we have approximately $66.7 million available under the shelf registration statement with 118,382,387 authorized shares remaining.  At this time, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through private or public sales of our securities, option/warrant exercises, debt financings and/or partnering/licensing transaction.  In February 2020, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with two agents to implement an “at-the-market” equity offering program under which the Company may issue and sell from time to time shares of its common stock (see Note 16 to the Financial Statements).    Volatility in the financial markets has adversely affected the market capitalizations of many pre-revenue stage biopharmaceutical companies, particularly small capitalization companies such as Ampio, and has generally made equity and debt financing very difficult to obtain without significant dilution to existing shareholders. This volatility, coupled with other factors, may limit our access to additional financing.

 

If we cannot obtain funding through capital raises and/or partnering/licensing transactions in the future when we require it, we will be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate our development, manufacturing, and/or regulatory programs for Ampion and/or our future commercialization efforts and/or suspend operations for a period until we are able to secure additional funding. If we are not successful in raising sufficient funds to pay for further development and licensing of Ampion, we may choose to license or otherwise relinquish greater, or all rights to Ampion, at an earlier stage of development or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose. This would lead to impairment or other charges, which could materially affect our balance sheet and operating results.

 

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements, financings, or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, also known as “variable interest entities.”

Impact of Inflation

In general, we believe that our operating expenses can be negatively impacted by increases in the cost of clinical trials due to inflation and rising health care costs.

Item 7A.        Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

Item 8.         Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The Financial Statements and Supplementary Data required by this item are in Item 15 of Part IV, “Index to Financial Statements” at page F‑1 of this annual report on Form 10‑K and are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9.         Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

The Audit Committee (the “Audit Committee”) of the Board of Directors conducted a comprehensive process to determine the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. On July 10, 2019, the Audit Committee approved the engagement of Moss Adams LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2019.  The Company’s stockholders also approved of the engagement of Moss Adams LLP during the Company’s annual meeting on December 14, 2019.

 

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017, and the subsequent interim periods through July 10, 2019, neither the Company nor anyone on its behalf has consulted with Moss Adams LLP regarding: (i) the application of accounting principles to a specific transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the Company’s financial statements, and neither a written report or oral advice was provided to the Company that Moss Adams LLP concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing, or financial reporting issue, (ii) any matter that was the subject of a disagreement within the meaning of Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K, or (iii) any reportable event within the meaning of Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

 

In conjunction with the appointment of Moss Adams LLP as described herein, on July 10, 2019, Plante & Moran PLLC (“Plante Moran”) notified the Company of its resignation as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm effective July 10, 2019.

 

As previously reported, on October 1, 2018, EKS&H LLLP (“EKS&H”), the Company’s prior independent registered public accounting firm, resigned in connection with EKS&H’s combination with Plante Moran. Plante Moran had served as the Company’s registered public accounting firm since that time.

 

The audit report of Plante Moran on the Company’s financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles except the audit report of Plante Moran on the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 contained an explanatory paragraph indicating that there was substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern.  EKS&H’s audit report on the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 contained a similar explanatory paragraph regarding the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

 

During the Company’s two most recent fiscal years and through July 10, 2019, there were no disagreements within the meaning of Item 304(a)(1)(iv) of Regulation S-K with Plante Moran (or its predecessor EKS&H) on any matters of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope and procedure which, if not resolved to the satisfaction of Plante Moran (or EKS&H), would have caused Plante Moran (or EKS&H) to make reference to the

subject matter in connection with its reports, and there were no reportable events as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K.

 

Item 9A.      Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such terms are defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(b) and 15d‑15(b). Based upon this evaluation and the remediation efforts relating to the identified material weakness (as discussed further below), the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal controls over financial reporting are effective based on these criteria.

Moss Adams LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, which is included herein at F-2.

Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In May 2019, we identified a material weakness relating to identification of information for determining appropriate disclosure. The material weakness related to a deficiency in the procedures in place to ensure the timely and complete disclosure of certain information to our Disclosure Committee.  While the material weakness did not result in a misstatement, we recognize the material weakness impacted the timeliness and completeness of certain disclosures and the subsequent determination of proper disclosure in the financial statements. 

Management implemented the following procedures to remediate the material misstatement and, after further evaluation, concluded that the material weakness was remediated as of December 31, 2019:

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As noted above, the Company implemented remedial procedures to address the material weakness disclosed in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the last three quarters of fiscal 2019 related to our disclosure controls and procedures, which has been fully remediated as of this Annual Report. Other than these remedial procedures, there has been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.          Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10.        Directors and Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our directors and executive officers as of February 1, 2020.

 

Family Relationships

There are family relationships to note between our directors or executive officers and employees. Raphael Bar-Or, a non-executive officer, is the son of Dr. Bar-Or, our former CSO and a director. Lindsay Thorne, a consultant, is the sister in-law of Holli Cherevka, our COO.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our executive officers, directors and persons who beneficially own greater than 10% of our Common Stock to file certain reports, Forms 3, 4 and 5, with the SEC with respect to ownership and changes in ownership of our Common Stock. To our knowledge, we have no one stockholder who beneficially owns more than 10% of our Common Stock.    See Item 12 for further information on beneficial ownership. Based solely on our review of the copies of such forms received by us, or written representations from certain reporting persons, we believe

during the period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, all filing requirements applicable to our officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners were complied with.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that is applicable to all our employees, officers, and directors. The code is available on our web site, www.ampiopharma.com, under the “Investor Relations” tab. We intend to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of our code of business conduct and ethics, if any, on the above website within four business days following the date of such amendment or waiver.

Meetings

During the year ended December 31, 2019, there were (i) thirteen meetings of the Board, (ii) five meetings of the Audit Committee, (iii) nine meetings of the Compensation Committee, (iv) four meetings of the Nominating and Governance Committee, and (v) two meetings of the Disclosure Committee.  No incumbent director attended fewer than seventy-five percent (75%) of the aggregate of (1) the total number of meetings of the Board, and (2) the total number of meetings held by all committees of the Board during the period that such director served.

Annual Meeting Attendance, Executive Sessions and Stockholder Communications

Since 2011, our policy has been that our directors attend the annual meeting of stockholders. We previously did not have a policy concerning director attendance at annual meetings. Commencing in 2011, our policy has also been that our non-employee directors are required to meet in separate sessions without management on a regularly scheduled basis four times a year. Generally, these meetings are expected to take place in conjunction with regularly scheduled meetings of the Board throughout the year.  Our 2019 annual meeting was attended by all five of the directors serving on our Board.

We have not implemented a formal policy or procedure by which our stockholders can communicate directly with our Board. Nevertheless, every effort has been made to ensure that the views of stockholders are heard by the Board or individual directors, as applicable, and that appropriate responses are provided to stockholders in a timely manner. We believe that we are responsive to stockholder communications, and therefore have not considered it necessary to adopt a formal process for stockholder communications with our Board. During the upcoming year, our Board will continue to monitor whether it would be appropriate to adopt such a policy. Communications will be distributed to the Board, or to any individual director or directors as appropriate, depending on the facts and circumstances outlined in the communications. Items that are unrelated to the duties and responsibilities of the Board may be excluded, such as:

In addition, any material that is unduly hostile, threatening, or illegal in nature may be excluded, provided that any communication that is excluded will be made available to any outside director upon request.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

No director, executive officer, promoter, or person of control of our Company has, during the last ten years: (i) been convicted in or is currently subject to a pending criminal proceeding; (ii) been a party to a civil proceeding of a judicial or administrative body of competent jurisdiction and as a result of such proceeding was or is subject to a judgment, decree or final order enjoining future violations of, or prohibiting or mandating activities subject to any Federal or state securities or banking or commodities laws including, without limitation, in any way limiting involvement in any business activity, or finding of any violation with respect to such law, nor (iii) any bankruptcy petition been filed by or against the business of which such person was an executive officer or a general partner, whether at the time of the bankruptcy or for the two years prior thereto.

We are not engaged in, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation in which any of our directors, executive officers, affiliates, or owner of more than 5% of our Common Stock is a party adverse to us or has a material interest adverse to us.

Leadership Structure of the Board

The Board does not currently have a policy on whether the same person should serve as both the CEO and Chairman of the Board. Periodically, our Board assesses these roles and the Board leadership structure to ensure the interests of the Company and its stockholders are best served.

Both the Chairman and CEO positions are currently held by Michael Macaluso. Our lead independent director is Mr. Coelho. In that role, he presides over the executive sessions of the Board, during which our independent directors meet without management, and he serves as the principle liaison between management and the independent directors of the Board.

Risk Oversight

The Board oversees risk management directly and through its committees associated with their respective subject matter areas. Generally, the Board oversees risks that may affect our business, including operational matters. The Audit Committee is responsible for oversight of our accounting and financial reporting processes and discusses with management our financial statements, internal controls and other accounting and auditing matters. The Compensation Committee oversees certain risks related to compensation programs and the Nominating and Governance Committee oversees certain corporate governance risks. The Disclosure Committee assists in establishing, implementing, maintaining and evaluating controls or other procedures to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports furnished or filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is properly communicated to the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer. As part of their roles in overseeing risk management, these committees periodically report to the Board regarding briefings provided by management and advisors as well as the committees’ own analysis and conclusions regarding certain risks faced by us. Management is responsible for implementing the risk management strategy and developing policies, controls, processes and procedures to identify and manage risks.

Committees of the Board

Our Board has an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Governance Committee, and a Disclosure Committee, each of which has the composition and the responsibilities described below. The Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee, and Disclosure Committee operate under separate charters approved by our Board, which charters are available on our website.

Audit Committee.  We have separately designated standing audit committee established in accordance with section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act.  Our Audit Committee oversees our corporate accounting and financial reporting process.  This committee also assists our Board in monitoring our financial systems and our legal and regulatory compliance. Our Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things:

The members of our Audit Committee are Messrs. Giles, Coelho and Dr. Stevens. Mr. Giles is our Audit Committee chairman and was appointed to our Audit Committee in August 2010. Our Board has determined that each member of the Audit Committee meets the financial literacy requirements of the national securities exchanges and the SEC, and Mr. Giles qualifies as our Audit Committee financial expert as defined under SEC rules and regulations. Our Board has concluded that the composition of our Audit Committee meets the requirements for independence under the current requirements of the NYSE American and SEC rules and regulations. We believe that the functioning of our Audit Committee complies with the applicable requirements of SEC rules and regulations, and applicable requirements of the NYSE American.

Compensation Committee. Our Compensation Committee oversees our corporate compensation policies, plans and programs. The Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other things:

The members of our Compensation Committee are Messrs. Coelho, Giles and Dr. Stevens. Mr. Coelho is the chairman of our Compensation Committee. Each member of our Compensation Committee is a non-employee director, as defined in Rule 16b‑3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, is an outside director, as defined pursuant to Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and satisfies the independence requirements of the NYSE American. We believe that the composition of our Compensation Committee meets the requirements for independence under, and the functioning of our Compensation Committee complies with, any applicable requirements of the NYSE American and SEC rules and regulations.

Our Compensation Committee and the Board have not yet established a succession plan for our CEO. Mr. Macaluso is performing to the satisfaction of the Board and, as such, the Compensation Committee does not believe there is a pressing need to have a succession plan for the CEO position.

In fulfilling its responsibilities, the Committee is permitted under the Compensation Committee charter to delegate any or all of its responsibilities to a subcommittee comprised of members of the Compensation Committee or the Board, except that the Committee may not delegate its responsibilities for any matters that involve compensation of any officer or any matters where it has determined such compensation is intended to comply with Section 162(m) of the Code or is intended to be exempt from Section 16(b) under the Exchange Act pursuant to Rule 16b‑3 by virtue of being approved by a committee of independent or nonemployee directors.

Nominating and Governance Committee. Our Nominating and Governance Committee oversees and assists our Board reviewing and recommending corporate governance policies and nominees for election to our Board. The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things:

The members of our Nominating and Governance Committee are currently Messrs. Coelho, Giles and Dr. Stevens. Mr. Coelho is the chairman of our Nominating and Governance Committee. Our Board has determined that each member of our Nominating and Governance Committee is independent within the meaning of the independent director guidelines of the NYSE American.

Disclosure Committee. Our Disclosure Committee provides assistance to the CEO and the CFO, or the Senior Officers, in fulfilling their responsibilities regarding the identification and disclosure of material information about us and the accuracy, completeness and timeliness of such disclosures. The Disclosure Committee is responsible for, among other things:

The members of our Disclosure Committee are currently Messrs. Macaluso, Stokely, Coelho,  Giles and Stevens, as well as Ms. Cherevka. Dr. Stevens is the chairman of our Disclosure Committee.

Our Board may from time to time establish other committees.

Non-Employee Director Compensation

Our Compensation Committee established the following fees for payment to non-employee members of our Board or committees, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019:

 

The non-employee director compensation for fiscal 2019 included a grant to each independent director of options to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock on the date of our prior year annual meeting of stockholders, vesting monthly over the succeeding twelve months. The date of the prior annual meeting of stockholders occurred on December 15, 2018.  Dr. Bar-Or additionally received an option grant to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock in October 2019 for his service as a non-employee director during all of fiscal 2019.  Dr. Bar-Or’s grant was 10/12th vested on the date of grant, with the remaining 2/12th vesting in full as of December 31, 2019.

Director Compensation for 2019    

The table below summarizes the compensation paid by us to non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our employee director, Mr. Macaluso, does not receive additional compensation for his services as a member of our Board.

Item 11.Executive Compensation

Executive Compensation

Named Executive Officers

For our fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, our Named Executive Officers were: (i) Michael Macaluso, our CEO, who has served as our CEO since January 2012, (ii) Daniel G. Stokely, our CFO, who has served as our CFO, Secretary and Treasurer since July 2019, (iii) Thomas E. Chilcott, our former CFO,  Secretary and Treasurer who served as our CFO from June 2017 to June 2019, and (iv) Holli Cherevka, our current COO, who has served as our COO since September 2017. We had no other executive officers serving during the year ended December 31, 2019.

The following table shows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, compensation awarded to, paid to, or earned by our Name Executive Officers.

Summary Compensation of Named Executive Officers